Measuring Space: Perimeter and Area

Unless stated otherwise, use the approximation $\dfrac{22}{7}$ for $\pi$.

1. The perimeter of a circle is 44 cm. What is its radius?

Unless stated otherwise, use the approximation $\dfrac{22}{7}$ for $\pi$.

2. Calculate, correct to 3 significant figures, the circumference of a circle with: (i) radius 7 cm

(ii) radius 10 cm

(iii) radius 12 cm.

Unless stated otherwise, use the approximation $\dfrac{22}{7}$ for $\pi$.

3. Calculate the length of the arc of a circle if:

(i) the radius is $3.5\text{ cm}$ and the angle at the centre is $60^\circ$, and

(ii) the radius is $6.3\text{ m}$ and the angle at the centre is $120^\circ$.

Unless stated otherwise, use the approximation $\dfrac{22}{7}$ for $\pi$.

4. Find the perimeter of a sector (i.e., the curved portion as well as the two straight portions) of a circle of radius $14\text{ cm}$ and sector angle $75^\circ$.

Unless stated otherwise, use the approximation $\dfrac{22}{7}$ for $\pi$.

5. Find the perimeters of the following shapes (taking the arcs to be quarter or half or three-quarters of a circle, as appropriate) (Fig. 6.14i to 6.14ix):

If the diameter of a car tyre is $56\text{ cm}$, then:

(i) How far does the car need to travel for the tyre to complete one revolution?

(ii) How many revolutions does the tyre make if the car travels $10\text{ km}$?

Find the total perimeter of all the petals in each of the given flowers.

The ratio of the perimeters of two circles is $5 : 4$. What is the ratio of their radii?

Find the area of triangle ADE in Fig. 6.31.

The parallel sides of a trapezium are $40\text{ cm}$ and $20\text{ cm}$. If its non-parallel sides are both equal, each being $26\text{ cm}$, find the area of the trapezium.

Find the area of a triangle, given that its sides are $8\text{ cm}$ and $11\text{ cm}$ long, and its perimeter is $32\text{ cm}$.

The sides of a triangular plot are in the ratio $3 : 5 : 7$; its perimeter is $300\text{ m}$. Find its area.

One diagonal of a rhombus is twice as long as the other diagonal. If the rhombus has area $128\text{ cm}^2$, find the length of the shorter diagonal.

$ABCD$ is a parallelogram. $P$ and $Q$ are any two points on side $AB$. What can you say about the ratio $\text{area}(\Delta \text{PCD}) : \text{area}(\Delta \text{QCD})$?

$O$ is any point on the diagonal $PR$ of a parallelogram $PQRS$. Prove that the areas of triangles $PSO$ and $PQO$ are equal.

If the mid-points of the sides of a 4-gon (also known as a quadrilateral, but we prefer to call it a ‘4-gon’) are joined in order, prove that the area of the parallelogram thus formed will be half of the area of the given 4-gon. (You may wonder whether the 4-gon thus formed is always a parallelogram, and if so, why? These questions will be tackled and answered in the chapter on quadrilaterals.)

In $\Delta\text{ABC}$, the midpoint of $\text{BC}$ is $\text{D}$ (Fig. 6.32). Median $\text{AD}$ is drawn. $\text{P}$ is any point on $\text{AD}$. Show that $\text{area}(\Delta\text{ABP}) = \text{area}(\Delta\text{ACP})$.

Given a square $ABCD$, let $P$ be a point within it. Join $PA$, $PB$, $PC$, $PD$ (Fig. 6.33). What is the ratio of the areas of the red region ($\Delta PAB$ and $\Delta PCD$) and the green region ($\Delta PBC$ and $\Delta PDA$)?

In $\Delta\text{ABC}$, $D$ is the midpoint of $\text{AB}$. $P$ is any point on $\text{BC}$, and $Q$ is a point on $\text{AB}$ such that $\text{CQ} \parallel \text{PD}$. $\text{PQ}$ is joined (Fig. 6.34). Prove that

$\text{Area}(\Delta\text{BPQ}) = \dfrac{1}{2} \text{Area}(\Delta\text{ABC})$

Unless stated otherwise, use the approximation $\dfrac{22}{7}$ for $\pi$.

Find the area of a sector of a circle with radius $7\text{ cm}$ if the angle of the sector is $60^\circ$.

Find the area of a quadrant of a circle whose circumference is $44\text{ cm}$.

The length of the minute hand of a clock is 7 cm. Find the area swept by the minute hand in 10 minutes.

A chord of a circle of radius $10\text{ cm}$ subtends $90^\circ$ at the centre. Find the area of the corresponding:

(i) minor sector (that subtends $90^\circ$ at the centre), and (ii) major sector (that subtends $270^\circ$ at the centre). (Use $\pi \approx 3.14$.)

A chord of a circle of radius $15\text{ cm}$ subtends an angle of $60^\circ$ at the centre of the circle. Find the areas of the corresponding minor and major segments of the circle. (Use $\pi \approx 3.14$ and $\sqrt{3} \approx 1.73$.)

A car has two wipers which do not overlap. Each wiper has a blade of length $28\text{ cm}$ and sweeps through an angle of $120^\circ$. Find the total area cleaned at each sweep of the blades.

A chord of a circle of radius $r$ subtends an angle of $60^\circ$ at the centre of the circle. Show that the area of the corresponding minor segment of the circle is equal to $\pi r^2 \left( \dfrac{1}{6} - \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{4} \right)$.

An equilateral triangle is inscribed in a circle of radius $r$. Show that the ratio of the area of the triangle to the area of the circle is equal to $\dfrac{3\sqrt{3}}{4\pi} \approx 0.413$.

A square is inscribed in a circle of radius $r$. Show that the ratio of the area of the square to the area of the circle is equal to $\dfrac{2}{\pi} \approx 0.637$.

A hexagon is inscribed in a circle of radius $r$. Show that the ratio of the area of the hexagon to the area of the circle is equal to $\dfrac{3\sqrt{3}}{2\pi} \approx 0.827$. Can you see why the answer is exactly twice the answer to Question 8?

Identities in algebra can sometimes be shown as area relationships. For example:

The figure shown corresponds to the identity $(a + b)^2 = a^2 + 2ab + b^2$

Do you see how?

Draw figures corresponding to the identities $(a + b)(a - b) = a^2 - b^2$ and $(a + b + c)^2 = a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca$.

An isosceles triangle has perimeter $40\text{ cm}$; the equal sides are $15\text{ cm}$ each. Find the area of the triangle.

An isosceles triangle has base $10\text{ cm}$, and its area is $60\text{ cm}^2$. What are the lengths of the equal sides?

The area of a right-angled triangle is $54\text{ sq. cm}$. One of its legs has length $12\text{ cm}$. Find its perimeter.

The sides of a triangle are in the ratio $2 : 3 : 4$, and its perimeter is $45\text{ cm}$. Find its area.

The sides of a triangle have lengths $7\text{ cm}$, $24\text{ cm}$, $25\text{ cm}$. Find the area of the triangle in two different ways.

If the wheel of a bicycle has a diameter of $60\text{ cm}$, find how far a cyclist will have travelled after the wheel has rotated $100$ times.

Find the area of a quadrant of a circle whose circumference is $66 \text{ cm}$.

The wheel of a car has an outer radius of $28\text{ cm}$. Calculate how far the car travels after one complete turn of the wheel, and how many times the wheel turns during a journey of $1\text{ km}$.

Two rectangles have the same area and the same perimeter. Does this mean that they are congruent to each other?

You know that the area of a parallelogram is base $\times$ height. Using this and the figure, show that the area of a trapezium is half the sum of the parallel sides $\times$ height, i.e., $\dfrac{1}{2}(a + b)h$.

By dividing a trapezium into two triangles show that its area is, half the sum of the parallel sides multiplied by the height (the same formula as the one given above).

Show how we can use two identical copies of a trapezium to make a parallelogram. How will this give us the formula for the area of a trapezium?

Show that the area of a kite is half the product of its diagonals. Show this: (i) using algebra, and (ii) using geometry.

Three problems about fitting congruent shapes together:

(i) Rectangle ABCD has sides $a$, $b$, and rectangle PQRS has sides $2a$, $2b$. Show that PQRS has 4 times the area of ABCD. Does this mean that 4 copies of rectangle ABCD will fit into rectangle PQRS? Check and see!

(ii) $\Delta ABC$ has sides $a$, $b$, $c$, and $\Delta PQR$ has sides $2a$, $2b$, $2c$. Show that $\Delta PQR$ has 4 times the area of $\Delta ABC$. Does this mean that 4 copies of $\Delta ABC$ will fit into $\Delta PQR$? Check and see!

(iii) $\Delta ABC$ has sides $a$, $b$, $c$, and $\Delta PQR$ has sides $3a$, $3b$, $3c$. Show that $\Delta PQR$ has 9 times the area of $\Delta ABC$. Does this mean that 9 copies of $\Delta ABC$ will fit into $\Delta PQR$? Check and see!

16. Find the fraction of the shaded region in each of the following figures:

(i) Fig. 6.43: What fraction of the triangle is shaded? (ii) Fig. 6.44: What fraction of the square is shaded?

Find the fraction of the rectangle covered by the circles in each of the following figures:

(i) Fig. 6.45: What fraction of the rectangle is covered by the circles?

(ii) Fig. 6.46: What fraction of the rectangle is covered by the circles?

Use the above to make a conjecture about the area occupied by circles fitted into a rectangle in the manner shown. Test your conjecture for particular cases: 10 circles; 20 circles; 50 circles. Then prove your conjecture!

*19. The figure shows nine identical rectangles fitted together to make a large rectangle whose area is $72\text{ cm}^2$. Find the perimeter of each small rectangle.

Show that the areas of the shaded blue triangle and the shaded red triangle are equal.

Find a way of cutting up the blue triangle into some number of pieces and rearranging the pieces to cover the red triangle.

The figure shows a quarter circle in a square. Its centre is at one vertex, and it passes through two adjacent vertices. There are two semicircles on two adjacent sides as diameters. They create the shaded regions $A$ and $B$.

Show that $A$ and $B$ have equal area.

In Fig. 6.50, four semicircles have been drawn within the given square whose side is $2 \text{ units}$. The centres of these semicircles are the midpoints of the sides. They create a 4-petalled flower (shown in blue). Find the perimeter and the area of this flower.

In Fig. 6.51 we see two concentric circles with a common centre $O$. A chord $BC$ of the larger circle is drawn, touching the smaller circle at $A$. The length of $BC$ is $l$. Show that the area of the green region enclosed between the two circles is $\dfrac{1}{4} \pi l^2$.

In Fig. 6.52, semicircles have been drawn on all the sides of a right-angled triangle as shown. Show that $\text{Area (A)} + \text{Area (B)} = \text{Area (C)}$.

Fig. 6.53 shows two circles passing through each other's centres. Find the area of the region enclosed by the two circles in terms of the common radius $r$.

In Fig. 6.54, we see three triangles within a rectangle. The areas of the triangles are $A, B, C$, as marked. Show that the area of the rectangle is

$\dfrac{2(A + C)(B + C)}{C}$

In the figure we see two shaded regions formed by a quarter circle, a semicircle, and a triangle.

Show that the areas of the two shaded regions are equal.