Question 22
Where in your daily lives, and in which professions, do the Hindu numerals, and 0, play an important role? How might our lives have been different if our number system and 0 hadn't been invented or conceived of?
Our number system, including zero, is fundamental to almost everything we do.
Step 1 — Importance in Daily Life
We use Hindu numerals and zero constantly. They help us read numbers easily. We use them to tell time on a clock. We count money when we shop. Our house numbers are written using them. Dates on calendars rely on them. These numerals help us measure things. They are essential for all calculations.
Step 2 — Importance in Professions
Many jobs depend on our number system. Shopkeepers count items and money. Engineers design buildings with measurements. Doctors measure medicine doses. Scientists use numbers for experiments. Computer programmers write code using numbers. Accountants manage all finances. All these professions need Hindu numerals.
Step 3 — Life Without Them
Imagine numbers like Roman numerals. Calculations would be very hard. Adding and is complex. Zero helps us understand place value. For example, in 10, the zero means "no units". Without zero, 1 and 10 might look similar. This makes calculations difficult. Computers use 0s and 1s (binary code). Without zero, computers would not exist. Our daily tasks would be very slow. Advanced science and technology would be impossible.
Answer
(i) Hindu numerals and zero are vital for reading any number. They are essential for all types of calculations we perform daily. Many professions like shopkeepers, engineers, scientists, and accountants rely on them for their work. (ii) Without zero, all calculations would be very difficult. Our daily tasks involving numbers would be slow and cumbersome. (iii) The invention of computers would not have happened without the concept of zero.
More questions in FIO
Suppose you are using the number system that uses sticks to represent numbers, as in Method 1. Without using either the number names or the numerals of the Hindu number system, give a method for adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing two numbers or two collections of sticks.
One way of extending the number system in Method 2 is by using strings with more than one letter—for example, we could use 'aa' for 27. How can you extend this system to represent all the numbers? There are many ways of doing it!
Try making your own number system.
Represent the following numbers in the Roman system.
(i) 1222 (ii) 2999 (iii) 302 (iv) 715
A group of indigenous people in a Pacific island use different sequences of number names to count different objects. Why do you think they do this?
Consider the extension of the Gumulgal number system beyond 6 in the same way of counting by 2s. Come up with ways of performing the different arithmetic operations (+, −, ×, ÷) for numbers occurring in this system, without using Hindu numerals. Use this to evaluate the following:
(i) (ukasar-ukasar-ukasar-ukasar-urapon) + (ukasar-ukasar-ukasar-urapon)
(ii) (ukasar-ukasar-ukasar-ukasar-urapon) − (ukasar-ukasar-ukasar-ukasar)
(iii) (ukasar-ukasar-ukasar-ukasar-urapon) × (ukasar-ukasar)
(iv) (ukasar-ukasar-ukasar-ukasar-ukasar-ukasar-ukasar-ukasar) ÷ (ukasar-ukasar)
Identify the features of the Hindu number system that make it efficient when compared to the Roman number system.
Using the ideas discussed in this section, try refining the number system you might have made earlier.
Represent the following numbers in the Egyptian system: 10458, 1023, 2660, 784, 1111, 70707.
What numbers do these numerals stand for?
Write the following numbers in the above base-5 system using the symbols in Table 2: 15, 50, 137, 293, 651.
Is there a number that cannot be represented in our base-5 system above? Why or why not?
Compute the landmark numbers of a base-7 system. In general, what are the landmark numbers of a base-n system?
Add the following Egyptian numerals:
Add the following numerals that are in the base-5 system that we created:
Remember that in this system, 5 times a landmark number gives the next one!
Can there be a number whose representation in Egyptian numerals has one of the symbols occurring 10 or more times? Why not?
Create your own number system of base 4, and represent numbers from 1 to 16.
Give a simple rule to multiply a given number by 5 in the base-5 system that we created.
Represent the following numbers in the Mesopotamian system —
(i) 63 (ii) 132 (iii) 200 (iv) 60 (v) 3605
Why do you think the Chinese alternated between the Zong and Heng symbols? If only the Zong symbols were to be used, how would 41 be represented? Could this numeral be interpreted in any other way if there is no significant space between two successive positions?
Form a base-2 place value system using 'ukasar' and 'urapon' as the digits. Compare this system with that of the Gumulgal's.
Where in your daily lives, and in which professions, do the Hindu numerals, and 0, play an important role? How might our lives have been different if our number system and 0 hadn't been invented or conceived of?
The ancient Indians likely used base 10 for the Hindu number system because humans have 10 fingers, and so we can use our fingers to count. But what if we had only 8 fingers? How would we be writing numbers then? What would the Hindu numerals look like if we were using base 8 instead? Base 5? Try writing the base-10 Hindu numeral 25 as base-8 and base-5 Hindu numerals, respectively. Can you write it in base-2?